A booking can arrive before contact details are complete. Reading the optional contact should show a missing state rather than throw.
The booking has Mina as its guest and an email inside contact. Some bookings will arrive without that contact object. This example displays the available email and falls back to No email supplied when the nested value is missing.
Try the working result
The ordinary input returns mina@example.test. Replace contact with null and update the preview: the result becomes No email supplied instead of throwing while reading email. That missing state is the reason to use this expression.
Use Changed data for another preset, or edit the JSON and press Update preview. The controls use sample data; they do not contact a backend.
Live exampletry it here, then copy the code
<!doctype html><html lang="en"><head><meta charset="utf-8"><meta name="nos-demo-layout" content="responsive-lab"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><title>Optional booking contact</title><style>*{box-sizing:border-box}body{margin:0;background:#edf1f0;color:#172d36;font:15px/1.5 system-ui,sans-serif}main{max-width:1040px;margin:auto;padding:24px}header{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;gap:12px;align-items:center;margin-bottom:20px}.eyebrow{font-size:11px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:2px;color:#55716b;text-transform:uppercase}h1{font-size:clamp(23px,4vw,34px);line-height:1.15;margin:8px 0}h2{font-size:16px;margin:0 0 12px}.tag{border:1px solid #bfceca;border-radius:99px;padding:6px 12px;font-size:12px;white-space:nowrap}.panel{background:white;border:1px solid #d4dfdb;border-radius:18px;padding:20px;margin-bottom:14px;box-shadow:0 9px 30px #1d393407}.grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;gap:14px}.result{background:#17352f;color:#f7fffb}.result h2{color:#c9ded5}.cards{display:grid;gap:10px;grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fit,minmax(135px,1fr))}.card{background:#f2ffc2;color:#17352f;padding:15px;border-radius:12px;min-width:0;overflow-wrap:anywhere}.card small{display:block;color:#536f60;font-size:11px;font-weight:700;text-transform:uppercase;margin-bottom:4px}.field{display:block;margin:8px 0}.field small{margin:0 0 3px;text-transform:none}.value{font-size:15px;font-weight:650;white-space:pre-wrap}.hero{font-size:clamp(28px,5vw,46px);font-weight:750;line-height:1.2;overflow-wrap:anywhere}.muted{color:#587169;font-size:13px}.result .muted{color:#bed7cb}pre{margin:0;white-space:pre-wrap;overflow-wrap:anywhere;font:13px/1.6 ui-monospace,monospace;max-height:220px;overflow:auto}.toolbar{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:8px;margin:12px 0}button{background:#17352f;color:white;border:0;border-radius:10px;padding:10px 14px;font:600 13px system-ui;cursor:pointer}button.secondary{background:#edf3ea;color:#244337;border:1px solid #d0ddd0}button:hover{filter:brightness(.94)}button:focus-visible,textarea:focus-visible,summary:focus-visible{outline:3px solid #749919;outline-offset:3px}textarea{display:block;width:100%;height:126px;border:1px solid #bccfc5;border-radius:10px;background:#fafcf9;padding:12px;font:13px/1.5 ui-monospace,monospace;resize:vertical;color:#15362c}label{font-weight:650;font-size:13px}details{margin-top:16px}summary{cursor:pointer;font-size:13px;font-weight:650}#status{min-height:20px;font-size:12px;color:#526f60;margin-top:8px}.error{color:#ffcfbf}.footer{font-size:12px;color:#627b72;margin-top:16px}.empty{font-size:18px;color:#c7dacd}.source-card{background:#f4f7f3;border:1px solid #dbe4d8;border-radius:10px;padding:12px;overflow-wrap:anywhere;white-space:pre-wrap}.source-list{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:8px;max-height:170px;overflow:auto}.source-list .source-card{flex:1;min-width:100px}.code{background:#f5f8f2}mark{background:#f2ffc2;color:#183a2d;padding:2px 5px;border-radius:4px}@media(max-width:620px){main{padding:15px}.grid{grid-template-columns:1fr}.panel{padding:16px}header{align-items:flex-start}.tag{display:none}h1{font-size:25px}.cards{grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fit,minmax(125px,1fr))}.source-list{max-height:120px}pre{max-height:150px}}</style></head><body><main>
<header><div><div class="eyebrow">JavaScript • Function optional-chaining</div><h1>Optional booking contact</h1><div class="muted">Change the data. See the actual result.</div></div><span class="tag">Interactive prototype</span></header>
<section class="panel"><label for="input">Input data (JSON)</label><textarea id="input" maxlength="10000" spellcheck="false"></textarea><div class="toolbar"><button id="run" type="button">Update preview</button><button class="secondary" id="original" type="button">Original data</button><button class="secondary" id="changed" type="button">Changed data</button><button class="secondary" id="edge" type="button">Empty / zero case</button></div><div id="status" role="status" aria-live="polite"></div></section>
<div class="grid"><section class="panel"><h2>Source after the operation</h2><div id="source" class="source-list"></div><p id="source-status" class="muted"></p></section><section class="panel result"><h2>Returned result</h2><div id="result" aria-live="polite"></div></section></div><details class="panel code"><summary>Inspect the exact values</summary><pre id="inspect"></pre></details>
<p class="footer">Local sample data only. No server request, account, or installation is needed.</p></main><script>
'use strict';
const initial = "{\"guest\":\"Mina\",\"contact\":{\"email\":\"mina@example.test\"}}";
const alternate = "{\n \"guest\": \"Mina\",\n \"contact\": null\n}";
const empty = "{}";
const input = document.getElementById('input');
const output = document.getElementById('result');
const source = document.getElementById('source');
const status = document.getElementById('status');
function transform(data) { return data.contact?.email ?? 'No email supplied'; }
function readable(value) {
if (value === undefined) return 'undefined';
if (typeof value === 'number' && Object.is(value, -0)) return '-0';
return JSON.stringify(value, (_, v) => typeof v === 'number' && !Number.isFinite(v) ? String(v) : v, 2);
}
function renderCards(value, host) {
host.replaceChildren();
if (Array.isArray(value)) {
if (!value.length) {const p=document.createElement('p');p.className='empty';p.textContent='No items returned';host.append(p);return;}
const grid=document.createElement('div');grid.className='cards';
value.slice(0,40).forEach((item,index)=>{const card=document.createElement('div');card.className='card';const label=document.createElement('small');label.textContent='Item '+(index+1);card.append(label);appendValue(item,card);grid.append(card);});host.append(grid);
if(value.length>40){const p=document.createElement('p');p.textContent='Showing 40 of '+value.length+' items.';host.append(p);}
} else if(value && typeof value==='object'){const card=document.createElement('div');card.className='card';appendValue(value,card);host.append(card);}
else {const p=document.createElement('div');p.className='hero';p.textContent=typeof value==='boolean'?(value?'Yes · true':'No · false'):value===undefined?'No value · undefined':value===''?'Empty string':String(value);host.append(p);}
}
function appendValue(value,host){
if(value && typeof value==='object' && !Array.isArray(value))Object.entries(value).slice(0,40).forEach(([key,item])=>{const row=document.createElement('div');row.className='field';const label=document.createElement('small');label.textContent=key;const text=document.createElement('span');text.className='value';text.textContent=typeof item==='string'?item:readable(item);row.append(label,text);host.append(row);});
else {const text=document.createElement('div');text.className='value';text.textContent=typeof value==='string'?value:readable(value);host.append(text);}
}
function update(){
try{
if(input.value.length>10000)throw new Error('Keep this sample below 10,000 characters.');
const data=JSON.parse(input.value);const before=readable(data);const result=transform(data);const after=readable(data);
renderCards(result,output);source.replaceChildren();(Array.isArray(data)?data.slice(0,40):[data]).forEach(item=>{const card=document.createElement('div');card.className='source-card';card.textContent=typeof item==='string'?item:readable(item);source.append(card);});document.getElementById('source-status').textContent=before===after?'Data values unchanged':'Data values changed in place';document.getElementById('inspect').textContent='Input before:\n'+before+'\n\nReturned result:\n'+readable(result)+'\n\nSource after:\n'+after;
output.classList.remove('error');status.textContent='Preview updated. '+(before===after?'Data values unchanged.':'Source data changed in place.');
}catch(error){output.replaceChildren();output.classList.add('error');output.textContent=error.name+': '+error.message;source.replaceChildren();document.getElementById('source-status').textContent='';document.getElementById('inspect').textContent='';status.textContent='Check the JSON and the input shape. Restore Original data to start again.';}
}
document.getElementById('run').addEventListener('click',update);
[['original',initial],['changed',alternate],['edge',empty]].forEach(([id,value])=>document.getElementById(id).addEventListener('click',()=>{input.value=value;update();}));
input.value=initial;update();
</script></body></html>
Follow the code
Optional chaining stops this access when contact is null or undefined. The nullish fallback supplies the label.
In data.contact?.email, optional chaining checks contact before accessing email. If contact is null or undefined, that part evaluates to undefined. The following ?? operator chooses the fallback only for null or undefined. The two operators do separate jobs: safe access first, missing-value display second.
const data = {
"guest": "Mina",
"contact": {
"email": "mina@example.test"
}
};
const result = data.contact?.email ?? 'No email supplied';
console.log(result);
The original sample returns:
"mina@example.test"
The booking itself is still present in the source. Missing contact details do not require deleting the booking or pretending that the guest name is unavailable.
Take the small version apart
The starter uses the same operation with a simpler layout. Choose Edit code to inspect its HTML and script, or Copy code to save the complete example as index.html. Open that file in your browser to run it without a framework. JSON inputs need double-quoted keys and strings.
Live exampletry it here, then copy the code
<!doctype html><html lang="en"><head><meta charset="utf-8"><meta name="nos-demo-layout" content="responsive-lab"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><title>Optional booking contact</title><style>*{box-sizing:border-box}body{margin:0;background:#edf1f0;color:#172d36;font:15px/1.5 system-ui,sans-serif}main{max-width:1040px;margin:auto;padding:24px}header{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;gap:12px;align-items:center;margin-bottom:20px}.eyebrow{font-size:11px;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:2px;color:#55716b;text-transform:uppercase}h1{font-size:clamp(23px,4vw,34px);line-height:1.15;margin:8px 0}h2{font-size:16px;margin:0 0 12px}.tag{border:1px solid #bfceca;border-radius:99px;padding:6px 12px;font-size:12px;white-space:nowrap}.panel{background:white;border:1px solid #d4dfdb;border-radius:18px;padding:20px;margin-bottom:14px;box-shadow:0 9px 30px #1d393407}.grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;gap:14px}.result{background:#17352f;color:#f7fffb}.result h2{color:#c9ded5}.cards{display:grid;gap:10px;grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fit,minmax(135px,1fr))}.card{background:#f2ffc2;color:#17352f;padding:15px;border-radius:12px;min-width:0;overflow-wrap:anywhere}.card small{display:block;color:#536f60;font-size:11px;font-weight:700;text-transform:uppercase;margin-bottom:4px}.field{display:block;margin:8px 0}.field small{margin:0 0 3px;text-transform:none}.value{font-size:15px;font-weight:650;white-space:pre-wrap}.hero{font-size:clamp(28px,5vw,46px);font-weight:750;line-height:1.2;overflow-wrap:anywhere}.muted{color:#587169;font-size:13px}.result .muted{color:#bed7cb}pre{margin:0;white-space:pre-wrap;overflow-wrap:anywhere;font:13px/1.6 ui-monospace,monospace;max-height:220px;overflow:auto}.toolbar{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:8px;margin:12px 0}button{background:#17352f;color:white;border:0;border-radius:10px;padding:10px 14px;font:600 13px system-ui;cursor:pointer}button.secondary{background:#edf3ea;color:#244337;border:1px solid #d0ddd0}button:hover{filter:brightness(.94)}button:focus-visible,textarea:focus-visible,summary:focus-visible{outline:3px solid #749919;outline-offset:3px}textarea{display:block;width:100%;height:126px;border:1px solid #bccfc5;border-radius:10px;background:#fafcf9;padding:12px;font:13px/1.5 ui-monospace,monospace;resize:vertical;color:#15362c}label{font-weight:650;font-size:13px}details{margin-top:16px}summary{cursor:pointer;font-size:13px;font-weight:650}#status{min-height:20px;font-size:12px;color:#526f60;margin-top:8px}.error{color:#ffcfbf}.footer{font-size:12px;color:#627b72;margin-top:16px}.empty{font-size:18px;color:#c7dacd}.source-card{background:#f4f7f3;border:1px solid #dbe4d8;border-radius:10px;padding:12px;overflow-wrap:anywhere;white-space:pre-wrap}.source-list{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:8px;max-height:170px;overflow:auto}.source-list .source-card{flex:1;min-width:100px}.code{background:#f5f8f2}mark{background:#f2ffc2;color:#183a2d;padding:2px 5px;border-radius:4px}@media(max-width:620px){main{padding:15px}.grid{grid-template-columns:1fr}.panel{padding:16px}header{align-items:flex-start}.tag{display:none}h1{font-size:25px}.cards{grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fit,minmax(125px,1fr))}.source-list{max-height:120px}pre{max-height:150px}}</style></head><body><main>
<header><div><div class="eyebrow">JavaScript • Function optional-chaining</div><h1>Optional booking contact</h1><div class="muted">One input, one operation, one observable result.</div></div><span class="tag">Starter example</span></header>
<section class="panel"><label for="input">Input data (JSON)</label><textarea id="input" maxlength="10000" spellcheck="false"></textarea><div class="toolbar"><button id="run" type="button">Update preview</button><button class="secondary" id="original" type="button">Original data</button><button class="secondary" id="changed" type="button">Changed data</button><button class="secondary" id="edge" type="button">Empty / zero case</button></div><div id="status" role="status" aria-live="polite"></div></section>
<div class="grid"><section class="panel code"><h2>The operation</h2><pre id="expression"></pre></section><section class="panel result"><h2>Returned result</h2><pre id="result" aria-live="polite"></pre></section></div><section class="panel"><h2>Source after the operation</h2><pre id="source"></pre></section>
<p class="footer">Local sample data only. No server request, account, or installation is needed.</p></main><script>
'use strict';
const initial = "{\"guest\":\"Mina\",\"contact\":{\"email\":\"mina@example.test\"}}";
const alternate = "{\n \"guest\": \"Mina\",\n \"contact\": null\n}";
const empty = "{}";
const input = document.getElementById('input');
const output = document.getElementById('result');
const source = document.getElementById('source');
const status = document.getElementById('status');
function transform(data) { return data.contact?.email ?? 'No email supplied'; }
function readable(value) {
if (value === undefined) return 'undefined';
if (typeof value === 'number' && Object.is(value, -0)) return '-0';
return JSON.stringify(value, (_, v) => typeof v === 'number' && !Number.isFinite(v) ? String(v) : v, 2);
}
function renderCards(value, host) {
host.replaceChildren();
if (Array.isArray(value)) {
if (!value.length) {const p=document.createElement('p');p.className='empty';p.textContent='No items returned';host.append(p);return;}
const grid=document.createElement('div');grid.className='cards';
value.slice(0,40).forEach((item,index)=>{const card=document.createElement('div');card.className='card';const label=document.createElement('small');label.textContent='Item '+(index+1);card.append(label);appendValue(item,card);grid.append(card);});host.append(grid);
if(value.length>40){const p=document.createElement('p');p.textContent='Showing 40 of '+value.length+' items.';host.append(p);}
} else if(value && typeof value==='object'){const card=document.createElement('div');card.className='card';appendValue(value,card);host.append(card);}
else {const p=document.createElement('div');p.className='hero';p.textContent=typeof value==='boolean'?(value?'Yes · true':'No · false'):value===undefined?'No value · undefined':value===''?'Empty string':String(value);host.append(p);}
}
function appendValue(value,host){
if(value && typeof value==='object' && !Array.isArray(value))Object.entries(value).slice(0,40).forEach(([key,item])=>{const row=document.createElement('div');row.className='field';const label=document.createElement('small');label.textContent=key;const text=document.createElement('span');text.className='value';text.textContent=typeof item==='string'?item:readable(item);row.append(label,text);host.append(row);});
else {const text=document.createElement('div');text.className='value';text.textContent=typeof value==='string'?value:readable(value);host.append(text);}
}
function update(){
try{
if(input.value.length>10000)throw new Error('Keep this sample below 10,000 characters.');
const data=JSON.parse(input.value);const before=readable(data);const result=transform(data);const after=readable(data);
output.textContent=readable(result);source.textContent=after;
output.classList.remove('error');status.textContent='Preview updated. '+(before===after?'Data values unchanged.':'Source data changed in place.');
}catch(error){output.replaceChildren();output.classList.add('error');output.textContent=error.name+': '+error.message;source.replaceChildren();status.textContent='Check the JSON and the input shape. Restore Original data to start again.';}
}
document.getElementById('run').addEventListener('click',update);
[['original',initial],['changed',alternate],['edge',empty]].forEach(([id,value])=>document.getElementById(id).addEventListener('click',()=>{input.value=value;update();}));
document.getElementById('expression').textContent="data.contact?.email ?? 'No email supplied'";
input.value=initial;update();
</script></body></html>
Avoid the common mistake
An empty email string is not nullish. Optional chaining also cannot make an undeclared variable safe.
An empty string is not nullish, so {"contact":{"email":""}} returns an empty string rather than the fallback. If your interface treats blank email as missing, add that validation explicitly. The current expression also assumes data is an object; data.contact is not optional at the root.
Change one rule, then check it
Compare a null contact with an empty email string.
Try {}, {"contact":null}, and {"contact":{"email":""}}. The first two show the fallback; the third stays empty. If the entire booking may be null, data?.contact?.email ?? "No email supplied" protects both levels. Keep the missing-data policy visible to the person using the form.
The MDN reference covers the full syntax and browser support. If your saved page does not run its script, the HTML and JavaScript guide helps check the file setup.
Put the example in someone else's hands
Incomplete bookings are useful test cases for a contact panel. Share this preview so a teammate can compare missing contact with blank email and decide which wording belongs in the finished interface. Use fictional booking details during that review.
Copy the complete HTML and use HTML to link to share the runnable file through NOS. Each visitor can try the browser-side example; this does not synchronize edits or add a shared database.